Lesson 14 The Butterfly Effect

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Beyond two or three days, the world’s best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they
are worthless.
The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather—and to a global forecaster, small can mean
thunderstorms and blizzards – any prediction deteriorates rapidly. Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading
upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only
satellites can see.
The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart, and even so, some
starting data has to be guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere. But suppose the
earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to to top of
the atmosphere. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature, pressure, humidity, and
any other quantity a meteorologist would want. Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the
data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01, then 12.02, then 12.03….
The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day
one month away. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not
know about, tiny deviations from the average. By 1.201, those fluctuations will already have created small
errors one foot away. Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the
globe.